permeable material in the form of a manufactured sheet, used in geotechnical and civil engineering applications with the purpose of reducing or preventing the flow of fluid and/or vapour through the construction

planar synthetic material used in contact with soil/rock and/or other geotechnical material in filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement, protection, packing, erosion control and sealing applications

In civil engineering of shorelines, hard engineering is generally defined as controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-made structures.

These are applied where the presence of pedestrians or pedestrians with a special characteristic (e.g., school children) may share a road space in a largely unsupervised manner. Treatments include pedestrian warning signs, shared zones, school zones, local area traffic management schemes, and lighting.